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History of computing hardware
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Main article: History of computing hardware
| First generation (mechanical/electromechanical) | Calculators | Pascal's calculator, Arithmometer, Difference engine, Quevedo's analytical machines |
| Programmable devices | Jacquard loom, Analytical engine, IBM ASCC/Harvard Mark I, Harvard Mark II, IBM SSEC, Z3 | |
| Second generation (vacuum tubes) | Calculators | Atanasoff–Berry Computer, IBM 604, UNIVAC 60, UNIVAC 120 |
| Programmable devices | Colossus, ENIAC, Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine, EDSAC, Manchester Mark 1,Ferranti Pegasus, Ferranti Mercury, CSIRAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC I, IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 650, Z22 | |
| Third generation (discrete transistors and SSI, MSI, LSI integrated circuits) | Mainframes | IBM 7090, IBM 7080, IBM System/360, BUNCH |
| Minicomputer | PDP-8, PDP-11, IBM System/32, IBM System/36 | |
| Fourth generation (VLSI integrated circuits) | Minicomputer | VAX, IBM System i |
| 4-bit microcomputer | Intel 4004, Intel 4040 | |
| 8-bit microcomputer | Intel 8008, Intel 8080, Motorola 6800, Motorola 6809, MOS Technology 6502, Zilog Z80 | |
| 16-bit microcomputer | Intel 8088, Zilog Z8000, WDC 65816/65802 | |
| 32-bit microcomputer | Intel 80386, Pentium, Motorola 68000, ARM | |
| 64-bit microcomputer[62] | Alpha, MIPS, PA-RISC, PowerPC, SPARC, x86-64, ARMv8-A | |
| Embedded computer | Intel 8048, Intel 8051 | |
| Personal computer | Desktop computer, Home computer, Laptop computer, Personal digital assistant (PDA), Portable computer, Tablet PC, Wearable computer | |
| Theoretical/experimental | Quantum computer, Chemical computer, DNA computing, Optical computer, Spintronics based computer |
Other hardware topics
| Peripheral device (input/output) | Input | Mouse, keyboard, joystick, image scanner, webcam, graphics tablet, microphone |
| Output | Monitor, printer, loudspeaker | |
| Both | Floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, optical disc drive, teleprinter | |
| Computer busses | Short range | RS-232, SCSI, PCI, USB |
| Long range (computer networking) | Ethernet, ATM, FDDI |
Software
Main article: Computer software
Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such asBIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called “firmware.”
| Operating system | Unix and BSD | UNIX System V, IBM AIX, HP-UX, Solaris (SunOS), IRIX, List of BSD operating systems |
| GNU/Linux | List of Linux distributions, Comparison of Linux distributions | |
| Microsoft Windows | Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 | |
| DOS | 86-DOS (QDOS), IBM PC DOS, MS-DOS, DR-DOS, FreeDOS | |
| Mac OS | Mac OS classic, Mac OS X | |
| Embedded and real-time | List of embedded operating systems | |
| Experimental | Amoeba, Oberon/Bluebottle, Plan 9 from Bell Labs | |
| Library | Multimedia | DirectX, OpenGL, OpenAL |
| Programming library | C standard library, Standard Template Library | |
| Data | Protocol | TCP/IP, Kermit, FTP, HTTP, SMTP |
| File format | HTML, XML, JPEG, MPEG, PNG | |
| User interface | Graphical user interface(WIMP) | Microsoft Windows, GNOME, KDE, QNX Photon, CDE, GEM, Aqua |
| Text-based user interface | Command-line interface, Text user interface | |
| Application | Office suite | Word processing, Desktop publishing, Presentation program, Database management system, Scheduling & Time management, Spreadsheet,Accounting software |
| Internet Access | Browser, E-mail client, Web server, Mail transfer agent, Instant messaging | |
| Design and manufacturing | Computer-aided design, Computer-aided manufacturing, Plant management, Robotic manufacturing, Supply chain management | |
| Graphics | Raster graphics editor, Vector graphics editor, 3D modeler, Animation editor, 3D computer graphics, Video editing, Image processing | |
| Audio | Digital audio editor, Audio playback, Mixing, Audio synthesis, Computer music | |
| Software engineering | Compiler, Assembler, Interpreter, Debugger, Text editor, Integrated development environment, Software performance analysis, Revision control,Software configuration management | |
| Educational | Edutainment, Educational game, Serious game, Flight simulator | |
| Games | Strategy, Arcade, Puzzle, Simulation, First-person shooter, Platform, Massively multiplayer, Interactive fiction | |
| Misc | Artificial intelligence, Antivirus software, Malware scanner, Installer/Package management systems, File manager |
Languages
There are thousands of different programming languages—some intended to be general purpose, others useful only for highly specialized applications.
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