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THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH WORDS
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| native words (about 30%) borrowings/loan-words | Indo-European | father, nose, cow, tree, red, be, to stand, to sit | |
| Germanic | to see, to hear, fox, grass, fur, head, old, good | ||
| Proper English | bird, boy, lady, girl, lord, woman, daisy, always | ||
| degree of assimilation borrowed aspect | denizen (fully-assimilated) | face, husband, table | |
| alien (partially-assimilated) | rajah, restaurant, cliché, datum | ||
| barbarism/exotism | avocado, chao, lambada | ||
| phonetic borrowing (loan word proper) | chair, bank, apparatchik, soprano, duet, lobby, iceberg | ||
| translation or lexical loan/calque | pipe of peace, fair sex (< par coeur) | ||
| semantic loan/calque | brigade, pioneer to dwell OE "to wander" VS ME "to live" < Scandinavian dvelja ("live") | ||
| morphemic borrowing (etymological hybrids) when the elements of words are derived from different languages | eatable, distrust, beautiful un|mis|take|able un|mis- English take- Scandinavian -able Romanic | ||
| international words | anaconda, football, leggings |
BORROWINGS differ from native words by their phonetic structure; their morphological structure; their grammatical forms; many borrowings are not motivated semantically.
Borrowing - " a word which was borrowed" + "process of borrowing".
Loan - "a word which was borrowed"
Source of borrowing - language from which the borrowing was taken.
Origin of borrowing - language to which the word may be traced.
paper < Fr papier < Lat papyrus < Gr papyros
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source etymon origin
Etymology studies history and origin of words. The linguistic form which a later form derives is called etymon. Folk etymology arises when a word is assumed to come from a particular etymon, because of some association of form or meaning, whereas in fact the word has a different derivation. A word which provides a translation or explanation of another word is known as a gloss.
crayfish "Norway lobster" fish folk etymology etymon
folk etymology gloss
etymology - [O.F. crevisse "креветка"]
Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:
1. in the format of linguistic archeology:
basic (Continental borrowings) street, wine, butter
religious(6th - 7th cs) mask, monk, nun LATIN
literary(Renaissance) democratic, juvenile, enthusiasm BORROWINGS
scientific(17th - 18th cs)nucleus, formula IN ENGLISH
2. according to the language from which the words come: e.g. Romance borrowings (French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish).
Etymological doublets
Features:
a) may enter by different routes: shirt (native) - skirt (Scandinavian)
b) may be 2 borrowings from different languages which are historically descended from the same language: canal (Lat.) - channel (Fr.).
c) may be borrowed from the same language twice in different periods: gaol (Norm. Fr.) - jail (Paris. Fr.).
d) may later occur as etymological triplets: hospital (Lat.) - hostel (Norm. Fr.) - hotel (Paris. Fr.)
e) may consist of a shortened word and of the one from which it was derived: history - story, shadow - shade, fanatic - fan
f) may reoccur as borrowings
English pioneer > Russian "first" > English "пионер"
3. according to the way by which the word was borrowed
oral VS written direct VS indirect
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Aboriginal words Parisian French words Latin>English
(through Fr. literature), Greek> Latin> English - via other language
Russian words of the 19 th c.
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