![]()
Ãëàâíàÿ Îáðàòíàÿ ñâÿçü Äèñöèïëèíû:
Àðõèòåêòóðà (936) ![]()
|
Ïåðåâîä: ßêøèí Äìèòðèé Ìèõàéëîâè÷
E-mail: dimedrol03@yandex.ru
Ëèòåðàòóðà 1. Nolan J, Soar J, Eikeland H (2006) The chain of survival. Resuscitation 71:270–271 2. Gwinnutt CL, Columb M, Harris R (2000) Outcome after cardiac arrest in adults in UK hospitals: effect of the 1997 guidelines. Resuscitation 47:125–135 3. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP et al (2003) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation 58:297–308 4. Meaney PA, Nadkarni VM, Kern KB et al (2010) Rhythms and outcomes of adult in-hospital cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 38:101–108 5. Smith GB (2010) In-hospital cardiac arrest: is it time for an in-hospital ‚chain of prevention’? Resuscitation 6. (o A) (2005) National Confidential Enquiry Into Patient Outcome And Death. An acute problem? NCEPOD, London 7. Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlackonikolis I et al (2002) Incidence, location and reasons for avoidable in-hospital cardiac arrest in a district general hospital. Resuscitation 54:115–123 8. Kause J, Smith G, Prytherch D et al (2004) A comparison of antecedents to cardiac arrests, deaths and emergency intensive care admissions in Australia and New Zealand, and the United Kingdom – the ACADEMIA study. Resuscitation 62:275–282 9. Castagna J, Weil MH, Shubin H (1974) Factors determining survival in patients with cardiac arrest. Chest 65:527–529 10. Herlitz J, Bang A, Aune S et al (2001) Characteristics and outcome among patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest in monitored and non-monitored areas. Resuscitation 48:125–135 11. Buist M, Bernard S, Nguyen TV et al (2004) Association between clinically abnormal observations and subsequent in-hospital mortality: a prospective study. Resuscitation 62:137–141 12. Franklin C, Mathew J(1994) Developing strategies to prevent inhospital cardiac arrest: Analyzing responses of physicians and nurses in the hours before the event. Crit Care Med 22:244–247 13. Hodgetts TJ, Kenward G, Vlachonikolis IG et al (2002) The identification of risk factors for cardiac arrest and formulation of activation criteria to alert a medical emergency team. Resuscitation 54:125–131 14. McQuillan P, Pilkington S, Allan A et al (1998) Confidential inquiry into quality of care before admission to intensive care. BMJ316:1853–1858 15. Jacques T, Harrison GA, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Signs of critical conditions and emergency responses (SOCCER): a model for predicting adverse events in the inpatient setting. Resuscitation 69:175–183 16. McGain F, Cretikos MA, Jones D et al (2008) Documentation of clinical review and vital signs after major surgery. Med JAust 189:380–383 17. Cashman JN (2002) In-hospital cardiac arrest: what happens to the false arrests? Resuscitation 53:271–276 18. Hein A, Thoren AB, Herlitz J(2006) Characteristics and outcome of false cardiac arrests in hospital. Resuscitation 69:191–197 19. Kenward G, Robinson A, Bradburn S, Steeds R (2007) False cardiac arrests: the right time to turn away? Postgrad Med J83:344–377 20. Fuhrmann L, Lippert A, Perner A, Ostergaard D (2008) Incidence, staff awareness and mortality of patients at risk on general wards. Resuscitation 77:325–330 21. Chatterjee MT, Moon JC, Murphy R, McCrea D (2005) The „OBS“ chart: an evidence based approach to re-design of the patient observation chart in a district general hospital setting. Postgrad Med J81:663–666 22. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2008) Review and performance evaluation of aggregate weighted ‚track and trigger‘ systems. Resuscitation 77:170–179 23. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE et al (2008) A review, and performance evaluation, of single-parameter „track and trigger“ systems. Resuscitation 79:11–21 24. Hillman K, Chen J, Cretikos M et al (2005) Introduction of the medical emergency team (MET) system: a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:2091–2097 25. Needleman J, Buerhaus P, Mattke S et al (2002) Nurse-staffing levels and the quality of care in hospitals. N Engl JMed 346:1715–1722 26. De Vita MA, Smith GB, Adam SK et al (2010) Identifying the hospitalised patient in crisis–a consensus conference on the afferent limb of rapid response systems. Resuscitation 81:375–382 27. Hogan J(2006) Why don’t nurses monitor the respiratory rates of patients? Br JNurs 15:489–492 28. Buist M (2008) The rapid response team paradox: why doesn’t anyone call for help? Crit Care Med 36:634–636 29. Andrews T, Waterman H (2005) Packaging: a grounded theory of how to report physiological deterioration effectively. JAdv Nurs 52:473–481 30. Derham C (2007) Achieving comprehensive critical care. Nurs Crit Care 12:124–131 31. Smith GB, Poplett N (2002) Knowledge of aspects of acute care in trainee doctors. Postgrad Med J78:335–338 32. Meek T (2000) New house officers‘ knowledge of resuscitation, fluid balance and analgesia. Anaesthesia 55:1128–1129 33. Gould TH, Upton PM, Collins P (1994) A survey of the intended management of acute postoperative pain by newly qualified doctors in the south west region of England in August 1992. Anaesthesia 49:807–810 34. Jackson E, Warner J(2002) How much do doctors know about consent and capacity? JR Soc Med 95:601–603 35. Kruger PS, Longden PJ(1997) A study of a hospital staff’s knowledge of pulse oximetry. Anaesth Intensive Care 25:38–41 36. Howell M (2002) Pulse oximetry: an audit of nursing and medical staff understanding. Br JNurs 11:191–197 37. Wheeler DW, Remoundos DD, Whittlestone KD et al (2004) Doctors‘ confusion over ratios and percentages in drug solutions: the case for standard labelling. JR Soc Med 97:380–383 38. Goldacre MJ, Lambert T, Evans J, Turner G (2003) Preregistration house officers‘ views on whether their experience at medical school prepared them well for their jobs: national questionnaire survey. BMJ326:1011–1012 39. Perkins GD, Barrett H, Bullock I et al (2005) The Acute Care Undergraduate Teaching (ACUTE) initiative: consensus development of core competencies in acute care for undergraduates in the United Kingdom. Intensive Care Med 31:1627–1633 40. Smith CM, Perkins GD, Bullock I, Bion JF (2007) Undergraduate training in the care of the acutely ill patient: a literature review. Intensive Care Med 33:901–907 41. Thwaites BC, Shankar S, Niblett D, Saunders J(1992) Can consultants resuscitate? JR Coll Physicians Edinb Lond 26:265–267 42. Saravanan P, Soar J(2005) A survey of resuscitation training needs of senior anaesthetists. Resuscitation 64:93–96 43. Featherstone P, Smith GB, Linnell M et al (2005) Impact of a one-day interprofessional course (ALERTtrade mark) on attitudes and confidence in managing critically ill adult patients. Resuscitation 65:329–336 44. Campello G, Granja C, Carvalho F et al (2009) Immediate and long-term impact of medical emergency teams on cardiac arrest prevalence and mortality: a plea for periodic basic life-support training programs. Crit Care Med 37:3054–3061 45. Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2003) A prospective before-and-after trial of a medical emergency team. Med JAust 179:283–287 46. Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S et al (2004) Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med 32:916–921 47. De Vita MA, Braithwaite RS, Mahidhara R et al (2004) Use of medical emergency team responses to reduce hospital cardiopulmonary arrests. Qual Saf Health Care 13:251–254 48. Foraida MI, De Vita MA, Braithwaite RS et al (2003) Improving the utilization of medical crisis teams (Condition C) at an urban tertiary care hospital. JCrit Care 18:87–94 49. Green AL, Williams A (2006) An evaluation of an early warning clinical marker referral tool. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 22:274–282 50. Spearpoint KG, Gruber PC, Brett SJ(2009) Impact of the immediate life support course on the incidence and outcome of in-hospital cardiac arrest calls: an observational study over 6 years. Resuscitation 80:638–643 51. Soar J, Perkins GD, Harris S et al (2003) The immediate life support course. Resuscitation 57:21–26 52. Harrison GA, Jacques TC, Kilborn G, McLaws ML (2005) The prevalence of recordings of the signs of critical conditions and emergency responses in hospital wards–the SOCCER study. Resuscitation 65:149–157 53. Hall S, Williams E, Richards S et al (2003) Waiting to exhale: critical care outreach and recording of ventilatory frequency. Br JAnaesth 90:570–571 54. McBride J, Knight D, Piper J, Smith G (2005) Long-term effect of introducing an early warning score on respiratory rate charting on general wards. Resuscitation 65:41–44 55. Goldhill DR, Worthington L, Mulcahy A et al (1999) The patient-at-risk team: identifying and managing seriously ill ward patients. Anaesthesia 54:853–860 56. Subbe CP, Davies RG, Williams E et al (2003) Effect of introducing the modified early warning score on clinical outcomes, cardio-pulmonary arrests and intensive care utilisation in acute medical admissions. Anaesthesia 58:797–802 57. Armitage M, Eddleston J, Stokes T (2007) Recognising and responding to acute illness in adults in hospital: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ335:258–259 58. Chen J, Hillman K, Bellomo R et al (2009) The impact of introducing medical emergency team system on the documentations of vital signs. Resuscitation 80:35–43 59. Odell M, Rechner IJ, Kapila A et al (2007) The effect of a critical care outreach service and an early warning scoring system on respiratory rate recording on the general wards. Resuscitation 74:470–475 60. Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report. London, UK: Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency. Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency, London, UK 61. Gao H, McDonnell A, Harrison DA et al (2007) Systematic review and evaluation of physiological track and trigger warning systems for identifying at-risk patients on the ward. Intensive Care Med 33:667–679 62. Cuthbertson BH (2008) Optimising early warning scoring systems. Resuscitation 77:153–154 63. Cretikos M, Chen J, Hillman K et al (2007) The objective medical emergency team activation criteria: a case-control study. Resuscitation 73:62–72 64. Fieselmann J, Hendryx M, Helms C, Wakefield D (1993) Respiratory rate predicts cardiopulmonary arrest for internal medicine patients. JGen Intern Med 8:354–360 65. Henry OF, Blacher J, Verdavaine Jet al (2003) Alpha 1-acid glycoprotein is an independent predictor of in-hospital death in the elderly. Age Ageing 32:37–42 66. Barlow G, Nathwani D, Davey P (2007) The CURB65 pneumonia severity score outperforms generic sepsis and early warning scores in predicting mortality in community-acquired pneumonia. Thorax 62:253–259 67. Sleiman I, Morandi A, Sabatini T et al (2008) Hyperglycemia as a predictor of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients without diabetes mellitus admitted to a sub-intensive care unit. JAm Geriatr Soc 56:1106–1110 68. Alarcon T, Barcena A, Gonzalez-Montalvo JI et al (1999) Factors predictive of outcome on admission to an acute geriatric ward. Age Ageing 28:429–432 69. Goel A, Pinckney RG, Littenberg B (2003) APACHE II predicts long-term survival in COPD patients admitted to a general medical ward. JGen Intern Med 18:824–830 70. Rowat AM, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM (2006) Central periodic breathing observed on hospital admission is associated with an adverse prognosis in conscious acute stroke patients. Cerebrovasc Dis 21:340–347 71. Neary WD, Prytherch D, Foy C et al (2007) Comparison of different methods of risk stratification in urgent and emergency surgery. Br JSurg 94:1300–1305 72. Asadollahi K, Hastings IM, Beeching NJ, Gill GV (2007) Laboratory risk factors for hospital mortality in acutely admitted patients. QJM 100:501–507 73. Jones AE, Aborn LS, Kline JA (2004) Severity of emergency department hypotension predicts adverse hospital outcome. Shock 22:410–414 74. Duckitt RW, Buxton-Thomas R, Walker Jet al (2007) Worthing physiological scoring system: derivation and validation of a physiological early-warning system for medical admissions. An observational, population-based single-centre study. Br JAnaesth 98:769–774 75. Kellett J, Deane B (2006) The simple clinical score predicts mortality for 30 days after admission to an acute medical unit. QJM 99:771–781 76. Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Schmidt P et al (2005) The use of routine laboratory data to predict in-hospital death in medical admissions. Resuscitation 66:203–207 77. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt PE et al (2008) Should age be included as a component of track and trigger systems used to identify sick adult patients? Resuscitation 78:109–115 78. Olsson T, Terent A, Lind L (2004) Rapid emergency medicine score: a new prognostic tool for inhospital mortality in nonsurgical emergency department patients. JIntern Med 255:579–587 79. Prytherch DR, Sirl JS, Weaver PC et al (2003) Towards a national clinical minimum data set for general surgery. Br JSurg 90:1300–1305 80. Subbe CP, Kruger M, Rutherford P, Gemmel L (2001) Validation of a modified early warning score in medical admissions. QJM 94:521–526 81. Goodacre S, Turner J, Nicholl J(2006) Prediction of mortality among emergency medical admissions. Emerg Med J23:372–375 82. Paterson R, MacLeod DC, Thetford D et al (2006) Prediction of in-hospital mortality and length of stay using an early warning scoring system: clinical audit. Clin Med 6:281–284 83. Cuthbertson BH, Boroujerdi M, McKie L et al (2007) Can physiological variables and early warning scoring systems allow early recognition of the deteriorating surgical patient? Crit Care Med 35:402–409 84. Goldhill DR, McNarry AF (2004) Physiological abnormalities in early warning scores are related to mortality in adult inpatients. Br JAnaesth 92:882–884 85. Harrison GA, Jacques T, McLaws ML, Kilborn G (2006) Combinations of early signs of critical illness predict in-hospital death-the SOCCER study (signs of critical conditions and emergency responses). Resuscitation 71:327–334 86. Bell MB, Konrad D, Granath F et al (2006) Prevalence and sensitivity of METcriteria in a Scandinavian University Hospital. Resuscitation 70:66–73 87. Gardner-Thorpe J, Love N, Wrightson Jet al (2006) The value of Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) in surgical in-patients: a prospective observational study. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 88:571–575 88. Quarterman CP, Thomas AN, McKenna M, McNamee R (2005) Use of a patient information system to audit the introduction of modified early warning scoring. JEval Clin Pract 11:133–138 89. Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Hadjianastassiou VG, Tekkis PP (2004) The longer patients are in hospital before intensive care admission the higher their mortality. Intensive Care Med 30:1908–1913 90. Goldhill DR, McNarry AF, Mandersloot G, McGinley A (2005) A physiologically-based early warning score for ward patients: the association between score and outcome. Anaesthesia 60:547–553 91. Boniatti MM, Azzolini N, Fonseca DL da et al (2010) Prognostic value of the calling criteria in patients receiving a medical emergency team review. Resuscitation 81:667–670 92. Prytherch DR, Smith GB, Schmidt PE, Featherstone PI (2010) Views-towards a national early warning score for detecting adult inpatient deterioration. Resuscitation 81:932–937 93. Mitchell IA, McKay H, Van Leuvan C et al (2010) A prospective controlled trial of the effect of a multi-faceted intervention on early recognition and intervention in deteriorating hospital patients. Resuscitation 81:658-666 94. Smith GB, Prytherch DR, Schmidt P et al (2006) Hospital-wide physiological surveillance - a new approach to the early identification and management of the sick patient. Resuscitation 71:19–28 95. Sandroni C, Ferro G, Santangelo S et al (2004) In-hospital cardiac arrest: survival depends mainly on the effectiveness of the emergency response. Resuscitation 62:291–297 96. Soar J, McKay U (1998) A revised role for the hospital cardiac arrest team? Resuscitation 38:145–149 97. Featherstone P, Chalmers T, Smith GB (2008) RSVP: a system for communication of deterioration in hospital patients. Br JNurs 17:860–864 98. Marshall S, Harrison J, Flanagan B (2009) The teaching of a structured tool improves the clarity and content of interprofessional clinical communication. Qual Saf Health Care 18:137–140 99. Lee A, Bishop G, Hillman KM, Daffurn K (1995) The medical emergency team. Anaesth Intensive Care 23:183–186 100. Devita MA, Bellomo R, Hillman K et al (2006) Findings of the first consensus conference on medical emergency teams. Crit Care Med 34:2463–2478 101. Ball C, Kirkby M, Williams S (2003) Effect of the critical care outreach team on patient survival to discharge from hospital and readmission to critical care: non-randomised population based study. BMJ327:1014 102. Critical care outreach 2003: progress in developing services. The National Outreach Report. London, UK: Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency; 2003. Department of Health and National Health Service Modernisation Agency, London, UK 103. Zenker P, Schlesinger A, Hauck M et al (2007) Implementation and impact of a rapid response team in a children’s hospital. Jt Comm JQual Patient Saf 33:418–425 104. Dean BS, Decker MJ, Hupp D et al (2008) Condition HELP: a pediatric rapid response team triggered by patients and parents. JHealthc Qual 30:28–31 105. Ray EM, Smith R, Massie S et al (2009) Family alert: implementing direct family activation of a pediatric rapid response team. Jt Comm JQual Patient Saf 35:575–580 106. Kenward G, Castle N, Hodgetts T, Shaikh L (2004) Evaluation of a medical emergency team one year after implementation. Resuscitation 61:257–263 107. Chan PS, Khalid A, Longmore LS et al (2008) Hospital-wide code rates and mortality before and after implementation of a rapid response team. JAMA 300:2506–2513 108. Dacey MJ, Mirza ER, Wilcox V et al (2007) The effect of a rapid response team on major clinical outcome measures in a community hospital. Crit Care Med 35:2076–2082 109. Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJet al (2004) The effect of critical care outreach on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 59:762–766 110. Story DA, Shelton AC, Poustie SJet al (2006) Effect of an anaesthesia department led critical care outreach and acute pain service on postoperative serious adverse events. Anaesthesia 61:24–28 111. Flabouris A, Chen J, Hillman K et al (2010) Timing and interventions of emergency teams during the MERIT study. Resuscitation 81:25–30 112. Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2005) Long term effect of a medical emergency team on cardiac arrests in a teaching hospital. Crit Care 9:R808–R815 113. Galhotra S, De Vita MA, Simmons RL, Schmid A (2006) Impact of patient monitoring on the diurnal pattern of medical emergency team activation. Crit Care Med 34:1700–1706 114. Baxter AD, Cardinal P, Hooper J, Patel R (2008) Medical emergency teams at the Ottawa Hospital: the first two years. Can JAnaesth 55:223–231 115. Benson L, Mitchell C, Link M et al (2008) Using an advanced practice nursing model for a rapid response team. Jt Comm JQual Patient Saf 34:743–747 116. Bertaut Y, Campbell A, Goodlett D (2008) Implementing a rapid-response team using a nurse-to-nurse consult approach. JVasc Nurs 26:37–42 117. Buist MD, Moore GE, Bernard SA et al (2002) Effects of a medical emergency team on reduction of incidence of and mortality from unexpected cardiac arrests in hospital: preliminary study. BMJ324:387–390 118. Buist M, Harrison J, Abaloz E, Van Dyke S (2007) Six year audit of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in an Australian outer metropolitan teaching hospital. BMJ335:1210–1212 119. Chamberlain B, Donley K, Maddison J(2009) Patient outcomes using a rapid response team. Clin Nurse Spec 23:11–12 120. Hatler C, Mast D, Bedker D et al (2009) Implementing a rapid response team to decrease emergencies outside the ICU: one hospital’s experience. Medsurg Nurs 18:84–90, 126 121. Jones D, Bellomo R, Bates S et al (2006) Patient monitoring and the timing of cardiac arrests and medical emergency team calls in a teaching hospital. Intensive Care Med 32:1352–1356 122. Moldenhauer K, Sabel A, Chu ES, Mehler PS (2009) Clinical triggers: an alternative to a rapid response team. Jt Comm JQual Patient Saf 35:164–174 123. Offner PJ, Heit J, Roberts R (2007) Implementation of a rapid response team decreases cardiac arrest outside of the intensive care unit. JTrauma 62:1223–1227; discussion 7–8 124. Gould D (2007) Promoting patient safety: the rapid medical response team. Perm J11:26–34 125. Jolley J, Bendyk H, Holaday B et al (2007) Rapid response teams: do they make a difference? Dimens Crit Care Nurs 26:253–260; quiz 61–2 126. Konrad D, Jaderling G, Bell M et al (2010) Reducing in-hospital cardiac arrests and hospital mortality by introducing a medical emergency team. Intensive Care Med 36:100–106 127. Chen J, Bellomo R, Flabouris A et al (2009) The relationship between early emergency team calls and serious adverse events. Crit Care Med 37:148–153 128. Bristow PJ, Hillman KM, Chey T et al (2000) Rates of in-hospital arrests, deaths and intensive care admissions: the effect of a medical emergency team. Med JAust 173:236–240 129. King E, Horvath R, Shulkin DJ(2006) Establishing a rapid response team (RRT) in an academic hospital: one year’s experience. JHosp Med 1:296–305 130. McFarlan SJ, Hensley S (2007) Implementation and outcomes of a rapid response team. JNurs Care Qual 22:307–313, quiz 14–5 131. Rothschild JM, Woolf S, Finn KM et al (2008) A controlled trial of a rapid response system in an academic medical center. Jt Comm JQual Patient Saf 34:417–425, 365 132. Chan PS, Jain R, Nallmothu BK et al (2010) Rapid response teams: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 170:18–26 133. Leeson-Payne CG, Aitkenhead AR (1995) A prospective study to assess the demand for a high dependency unit. Anaesthesia 50:383–387 134. European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (1994) Guidelines for the utilisation of intensive care units.. Intensive Care Med 20:163–164 135. Haupt MT, Bekes CE, Brilli RJet al (2003) Guidelines on critical care services and personnel: Recommendations based on a system of categorization of three levels of care. Crit Care Med 31:2677–2683 136. Peberdy MA, Ornato JP, Larkin GL et al (2008) Survival from in-hospital cardiac arrest during nights and weekends. JAMA 299:785–792 137. Hillson SD, Rich EC, Dowd B, Luxenberg MG (1992) Call nights and patients care: effects on inpatients at one teaching hospital. JGen Intern Med 7:405–410 138. Bell CM, Redelmeier DA (2001) Mortality among patients admitted to hospitals on weekends as compared with weekdays. N Engl JMed 345:663–668 139. Beck DH, McQuillan P, Smith GB (2002) Waiting for the break of dawn? The effects of discharge time, discharge TISS scores and discharge facility on hospital mortality after intensive care. Intensive Care Med 28:1287–1293 140. Goldfrad C, Rowan K (2000) Consequences of discharges from intensive care at night. Lancet 355:1138–1142 141. Tourangeau AE, Cranley LA, Jeffs L (2006) Impact of nursing on hospital patient mortality: a focused review and related policy implications. Qual Saf Health Care 15:4–8 142. Aiken LH, Clarke SP, Sloane DM et al (2002) Hospital nurse staffing and patient mortality, nurse burnout, and job dissatisfaction. JAMA 288:1987–1993 143. Parr MJ, Hadfield JH, Flabouris A et al (2001) The medical emergency team: 12 month analysis of reasons for activation, immediate outcome and not-for-resuscitation orders. Resuscitation 50:39–44 144. Baskett PJ, Lim A (2004) The varying ethical attitudes towards resuscitation in Europe. Resuscitation 62:267–273 145. Baskett PJ, Steen PA, Bossaert L (2005) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2005. Section 8. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 67(Suppl 1):S171–S180 146. Lippert FK, Raffay V, Georgiou M et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2010. Section 10. The ethics of resuscitation and end-of-life decisions. Resuscitation 81 147. Smith GB (2008) Increased do not attempt resuscitation decision making in hospitals with a medical emergency teams system-cause and effect? Resuscitation 79:346–347 148. Chen J, Flabouris A, Bellomo R et al (2008) The medical emergency team system and not-for-resuscitation orders: results from the MERIT study. Resuscitation 79:391–397 149. Jones DA, McIntyre T, Baldwin I et al (2007) The medical emergency team and end-of-life care: a pilot study. Crit Care Resusc 9:151–156 150. Excellence NIfHaC (2007) NICE clinical guideline 50. Acutely ill patients in hospital: recognition of and response to acute illness in adults in hospital. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, London 151. Muller D, Agrawal R, Arntz HR (2006) How sudden is sudden cardiac death? Circulation 114:1146–1150 152. Nava A, Bauce B, Basso C et al (2000) Clinical profile and long-term follow-up of 37 families with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. JAm Coll Cardiol 36:2226–2233 153. Brugada J, Brugada R, Brugada P (2003) Determinants of sudden cardiac death in individuals with the electrocardiographic pattern of Brugada syndrome and no previous cardiac arrest. Circulation 108:3092–3096 154. Elliott PM, Poloniecki J, Dickie S et al (2000) Sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: identification of high risk patients. JAm Coll Cardiol 36:2212–2218 155. Goldenberg I, Moss AJ, Peterson DR et al (2008) Risk factors for aborted cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death in children with the congenital long-QT syndrome. Circulation 117:2184–2191 156. Hobbs JB, Peterson DR, Moss AJet al (2006) Risk of aborted cardiac arrest or sudden cardiac death during adolescence in the long-QT syndrome. JAMA 296:1249–1254 157. Hulot JS, Jouven X, Empana JP et al (2004) Natural history and risk stratification of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy. Circulation 110:1879–1884 158. Kofflard MJ, Ten Cate FJ, Lee C van der, Domburg RT van (2003) Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a large community-based population: clinical outcome and identification of risk factors for sudden cardiac death and clinical deterioration. JAm Coll Cardiol 41:987–993 159. Peters S (2007) Long-term follow-up and risk assessment of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia/cardiomyopathy: personal experience from different primary and tertiary centres. JCardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 8:521–526 160. Priori SG, Napolitano C, Gasparini M et al (2002) Natural history of Brugada syndrome: insights for risk stratification and management. Circulation 105:1342–1347 161. Spirito P, Autore C, Rapezzi C et al (2009) Syncope and risk of sudden death in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 119:1703–1710 162. Sumitomo N, Harada K, Nagashima M et al (2003) Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia: electrocardiographic characteristics and optimal therapeutic strategies to prevent sudden death. Heart 89:66–70 163. Amital H, Glikson M, Burstein M et al (2004) Clinical characteristics of unexpected death among young enlisted military personnel: results of a three-decade retrospective surveillance. Chest 126:528–533 164. Basso C, Maron BJ, Corrado D, Thiene G (2000) Clinical profile of congenital coronary artery anomalies with origin from the wrong aortic sinus leading to sudden death in young competitive athletes. JAm Coll Cardiol 35:1493–1501 165. Corrado D, Basso C, Thiene G (2001) Sudden cardiac death in young people with apparently normal heart. Cardiovasc Res 50:399–408 166. Drory Y, Turetz Y, Hiss Y et al (1991) Sudden unexpected death in persons less than 40 years of age. Am JCardiol 68:1388–1392 167. Kramer MR, Drori Y, Lev B (1988) Sudden death in young soldiers. High incidence of syncope prior to death. Chest 93:345–347 168. Quigley F, Greene M, O’Connor D, Kelly F (2005) A survey of the causes of sudden cardiac death in the under 35-year-age group. Ir Med J98:232–235 169. Wisten A, Forsberg H, Krantz P, Messner T (2002) Sudden cardiac death in 15–35-year olds in Sweden during 1992–99. JIntern Med 252:529–536 170. Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Young Swedish patients with sudden cardiac death have a lifestyle very similar to a control population. Scand Cardiovasc J39:137–142 171. Wisten A, Messner T (2005) Symptoms preceding sudden cardiac death in the young are common but often misinterpreted. Scand Cardiovasc J39:143–149 172. Behr ER, Dalageorgou C, Christiansen M et al (2008) Sudden arrhythmic death syndrome: familial evaluation identifies inheritable heart disease in the majority of families. Eur Heart J29:1670–1680 173. Brothers JA, Stephens P, Gaynor JW et al (2008) Anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery with an interarterial course: should family screening be routine? JAm Coll Cardiol 51:2062–2064 174. Gimeno JR, Lacunza J, Garcia-Alberola A et al (2009) Penetrance and risk profile in inherited cardiac diseases studied in a dedicated screening clinic. Am JCardiol 104:406–410 175. Tan HL, Hofman N, Langen IM van et al (2005) Sudden unexplained death: heritability and diagnostic yield of cardiological and genetic examination in surviving relatives. Circulation 112:207–213 176. Moya A, Sutton R, Ammirati F et al (2009) Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of syncope (version 2009): the Task Force for The Diagnosis and Management of Syncope of The European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J30:2631–2671 177. Colman N, Bakker A, Linzer M et al (2009) Value of history-taking in syncope patients: in whom to suspect long QT syndrome? Europace 11:937–943 178. Oh JH, Hanusa BH, Kapoor WN (1999) Do symptoms predict cardiac arrhythmias and mortality in patients with syncope? Arch Intern Med 159:375–380 179. Calkins H, Shyr Y, Frumin H et al (1995) The value of the clinical history in the differentiation of syncope due to ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block, and neurocardiogenic syncope. Am JMed 98:365–373 180. Tester DJ, Kopplin LJ, Creighton W et al (2005) Pathogenesis of unexplained drowning: new insights from a molecular autopsy. Mayo Clin Proc 80:596–600 181. Johnson JN, Hofman N, Haglund CM et al (2009) Identification of a possible pathogenic link between congenital long QT syndrome and epilepsy. Neurology 72:224–231 182. MacCormick JM, McAlister H, Crawford Jet al (2009) Misdiagnosis of long QT syndrome as epilepsy at first presentation. Ann Emerg Med 54:26–32 183. Chandra N, Papadakis M, Sharma S (2010) Preparticipation screening of young competitive athletes for cardiovascular disorders. Phys Sportsmed 38:54–63 184. Olasveengen TM, Lund-Kordahl I, Steen PA, Sunde K (2009) Out-of hospital advanced life support with or without a physician: effects on quality of CPR and outcome. Resuscitation 80:1248–1252 185. Kirves H, Skrifvars MB, Vahakuopus M et al (2007) Adherence to resuscitation guidelines during prehospital care of cardiac arrest patients. Eur JEmerg Med 14:75–81 186. Schneider T, Mauer D, Diehl P et al (1994) Quality of on-site performance in prehospital advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Resuscitation 27:207–213 187. Arntz HR, Wenzel V, Dissmann R et al (2008) Out-of-hospital thrombolysis during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in patients with high likelihood of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Resuscitation 76:180–184 188. Bell A, Lockey D, Coats T et al (2006) Physician response unit – a feasibility study of an initiative to enhance the delivery of pre-hospital emergency medical care. Resuscitation 69:389–393 189. Lossius HM, Soreide E, Hotvedt R et al (2002) Prehospital advanced life support provided by specially trained physicians: is there a benefit in terms of life years gained? Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 46:771–778 190. Dickinson ET, Schneider RM, Verdile VP (1997) The impact of prehospital physicians on out-of-hospital nonasystolic cardiac arrest. Prehosp Emerg Care 1:132–135 191. Soo LH, Gray D, Young T et al (1999) Resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: is survival dependent on who is available at the scene? Heart 81:47–52 192. Frandsen F, Nielsen JR, Gram L et al (1991) Evaluation of intensified prehospital treatment in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: survival and cerebral prognosis. The Odense ambulance study. Cardiology 79:256–264 193. Sipria A, Talvik R, Korgvee A et al (2000) Out-of-hospital resuscitation in Tartu: effect of reorganization of Estonian EMS system. Am JEmerg Med 18:469–473 194. Estner HL, Gunzel C, Ndrepepa G et al (2007) Outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in a physician-staffed emergency medical system according to the Utstein style. Am Heart J153:792–799 195. Eisenburger P, Czappek G, Sterz F et al (2001) Cardiac arrest patients in an alpine area during a six year period. Resuscitation 51:39–46 196. Gottschalk A, Burmeister MA, Freitag M et al (2002) Influence of early defibrillation on the survival rate and quality of life after CPR in prehospital emergency medical service in a German metropolitan area. Resuscitation 53:15–20 197. Hampton JR, Dowling M, Nicholas C (1977) Comparison of results from a cardiac ambulance manned by medical or non-medical personnel. Lancet 1:526–529 198. Schneider T, Mauer D, Diehl P et al (1994) Early defibrillation by emergency physicians or emergency medical technicians? A controlled, prospective multi-centre study. Resuscitation 27:197–206 199. Soo LH, Gray D, Young T et al (1999) Influence of ambulance crew’s length of experience on the outcome of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Eur Heart J20:535–540 200. Yen ZS, Chen YT, Ko PC et al (2006) Cost-effectiveness of different advanced life support providers for victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests. JFormos Med Assoc 105:1001–1007 201. Nichol G, Thomas E, Callaway CW et al (2008) Regional variation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest incidence and outcome. JAMA 300:1423–1431 202. Fischer M, Krep H, Wierich D et al (2003) Comparison of the emergency medical services systems of Birmingham and Bonn: process efficacy and cost effectiveness. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 38:630–642 203. Bottiger BW, Grabner C, Bauer H et al (1999) Long term outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest with physician staffed emergency medical services: the Utstein style applied to a midsized urban/suburban area. Heart 82:674–679 204. Bjornsson HM, Marelsson S, Magnusson V et al (2006) Prehospital cardiac life support in the Reykjavik area 1999–2002. Laeknabladid 92:591–597 205. Mitchell RG, Brady W, Guly UM et al (1997) Comparison of two emergency response systems and their effect on survival from out of hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 35:225–229 206. Lafuente-Lafuente C, Melero-Bascones M (2004) Active chest compression-decompression for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD002751 207. Lewis RP, Stang JM, Fulkerson PK et al (1979) Effectiveness of advanced paramedics in a mobile coronary care system. JAMA 241:1902–1904 208. Silfvast T, Ekstrand A (1996) The effect of experience of on-site physicians on survival from prehospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 31:101–105 209. Morrison LJ, Visentin LM, Kiss A et al (2006) Validation of a rule for termination of resuscitation in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl JMed 355:478–487 210. Richman PB, Vadeboncoeur TF, Chikani V et al (2008) Independent evaluation of an out-of-hospital termination of resuscitation (TOR) clinical decision rule. Acad Emerg Med 15:517–521 211. Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Zhan C et al (2009) Validation of a universal prehospital termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced and basic life support providers. Resuscitation 80:324–328 212. Sasson C, Hegg AJ, Macy M et al (2008) Prehospital termination of resuscitation in cases of refractory out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 300:1432–1438 213. Skrifvars MB, Vayrynen T, Kuisma M et al (2010) Comparison of Helsinki and European Resuscitation Council „do not attempt to resuscitate“ guidelines, and a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients found in asystole or pulseless electrical activity. Resuscitation 81:679-684 214. Ong ME, Jaffey J, Stiell I, Nesbitt L (2006) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for basic life support: defibrillator providers in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 47:337–343 215. Morrison LJ, Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJet al (2007) Derivation and evaluation of a termination of resuscitation clinical prediction rule for advanced life support providers. Resuscitation 74:266–275 216. Bailey ED, Wydro GC, Cone DC (2000) Termination of resuscitation in the prehospital setting for adult patients suffering nontraumatic cardiac arrest. National Association of EMS Physicians Standards and Clinical Practice Committee. Prehosp Emerg Care 4:190–195 217. Verbeek PR, Vermeulen MJ, Ali FH et al (2002) Derivation of a termination-of-resuscitation guideline for emergency medical technicians using automated external defibrillators. Acad Emerg Med 9:671–678 218. Ong ME, Tan EH, Ng FS et al (2007) Comparison of termination-of-resuscitation guidelines for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Singapore EMS. Resuscitation 75:244–251 219. Pircher IR, Stadlbauer KH, Severing AC et al (2009) A prediction model for out-of-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anesth Analg 109:1196–1201 220. Walraven C van, Forster AJ, Parish DC et al (2001) Validation of a clinical decision aid to discontinue in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. JAMA 285:1602–1606 221. Walraven C van, Forster AJ, Stiell IG (1999) Derivation of a clinical decision rule for the discontinuation of in-hospital cardiac arrest resuscitations. Arch Intern Med 159:129–134 222. McCullough PA, Thompson RJ, Tobin KJet al (1998) Validation of a decision support tool for the evaluation of cardiac arrest victims. Clin Cardiol 21:195–200 223. Christenson J, Andrusiek D, Everson-Stewart S et al (2009) Chest compression fraction determines survival in patients with out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation. Circulation 120:1241–1247 224. Deakin CD, Nolan JP, Sunde K, Koster RW (2010) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for Resuscitation 2010. Section 3. Electrical therapies: automated external defibrillators, defibrillation, cardioversion and pacing. Resuscitation 81: in press 225. Gabbott D, Smith G, Mitchell S et al (2005) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation standards for clinical practice and training in the UK. Resuscitation 64:13–19 226. Dyson E, Smith GB (2002) Common faults in resuscitation equipment – guidelines for checking equipment and drugs used in adult cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Resuscitation 55:137–149 227. Brennan RT, Braslow A (1998) Skill mastery in public CPR classes. Am JEmerg Med 16:653–657 228. Chamberlain D, Smith A, Woollard M et al (2002) Trials of teaching methods in basic life support (3): comparison of simulated CPR performance after first training and at 6 months, with a note on the value of re-training. Resuscitation 53:179–187 229. Eberle B, Dick WF, Schneider T et al (1996) Checking the carotid pulse check: diagnostic accuracy of first responders in patients with and without a pulse. Resuscitation 33:107–116 230. Lapostolle F, Le Toumelin P, Agostinucci JM et al (2004) Basic cardiac life support providers checking the carotid pulse: performance, degree of conviction, and influencing factors. Acad Emerg Med 11:878–880 231. Liberman M, Lavoie A, Mulder D, Sampalis J(1999) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation: errors made by pre-hospital emergency medical personnel. Resuscitation 42:47–55 232. Moule P (2000) Checking the carotid pulse: diagnostic accuracy in students of the healthcare professions. Resuscitation 44:195–201 233. Nyman J, Sihvonen M (2000) Cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills in nurses and nursing students. Resuscitation 47:179–184 234. Perkins GD, Stephenson B, Hulme J, Monsieurs KG (2005) Birmingham assessment of breathing study (BABS). Resuscitation 64:109–113 235. Ruppert M, Reith MW, Widmann JH et al (1999) Checking for breathing: evaluation of the diagnostic capability of emergency medical services personnel, physicians, medical students, and medical laypersons. Ann Emerg Med 34:720–729 236. Tibballs J, Russell P (2009) Reliability of pulse palpation by healthcare personnel to diagnose paediatric cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 80:61–64 237. Bang A, Herlitz J, Martinell S (2003) Interaction between emergency medical dispatcher and caller in suspected out-of-hospital cardiac arrest calls with focus on agonal breathing. A review of 100 tape recordings of true cardiac arrest cases. Resuscitation 56:25–34 238. Bohm K, Rosenqvist M, Hollenberg Jet al (2007) Dispatcher-assisted telephone-guided cardiopulmonary resuscitation: an underused lifesaving system. Eur JEmerg Med 14:256–259 239. Bobrow BJ, Zuercher M, Ewy GA et al (2008) Gasping during cardiac arrest in humans is frequent and associated with improved survival. Circulation 118:2550–2554 240. Vaillancourt C, Verma A, Trickett Jet al (2007) Evaluating the effectiveness of dispatch-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation instructions. Acad Emerg Med 14:877–883 241. White L, Rogers J, Bloomingdale M et al (2010) Dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation: risks for patients not in cardiac arrest. Circulation 121:91–97 242. Perkins GD, Roberts C, Gao F (2002) Delays in defibrillation: influence of different monitoring techniques. Br JAnaesth 89:405–408 243. Abella BS, Alvarado JP, Myklebust H et al (2005) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation during in-hospital cardiac arrest. JAMA 293:305–310 244. Abella BS, Sandbo N, Vassilatos P et al (2005) Chest compression rates during cardiopulmonary resuscitation are suboptimal: a prospective study during in-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 111:428–434 245. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B et al (2004) Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl JMed 351:647–656 246. Olasveengen TM, Sunde K, Brunborg C et al (2009) Intravenous drug administration during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a randomized trial. JAMA 302:2222–2229 247. Herlitz J, Ekstrom L, Wennerblom B et al (1995) Adrenaline in out-of hospital ventricular fibrillation. Does it make any difference? Resuscitation 29:195–201 248. Holmberg M, Holmberg S, Herlitz J(2002) Low chance of survival among patients requiring adrenaline (epinephrine) or intubation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Sweden. Resuscitation 54:37–45 249. Bradley SM, Gabriel EE, Aufderheide TP et al (2010) Survival Increases with CPR by emergency medical services before defibrillation of out-of-hospital ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia: observations from the Resuscitation Outcomes Consortium. Resuscitation 81:155–162 250. Hollenberg J, Herlitz J, Lindqvist Jet al (2008) Improved survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is associated with an increase in proportion of emergency crew–witnessed cases and bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 118:389–396 251. Iwami T, Nichol G, Hiraide A et al (2009) Continuous improvements in „chain of survival“ increased survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests: a large-scale population-based study. Circulation 119:728–734 252. Edelson DP, Abella BS, Kramer-Johansen Jet al (2006) Effects of compression depth and preshock pauses predict defibrillation failure during cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 71:137–145 253. Eftestol T, Sunde K, Steen PA (2002) Effects of interrupting precordial compressions on the calculated probability of defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 105:2270–2273 254. Sunde K, Eftestol T, Askenberg C, Steen PA (1999) Quality assessment of defibrillation and advanced life support using data from the medical control module of the defibrillator. Resuscitation 41:237–247 255. Rea TD, Shah S, Kudenchuk PJet al (2005) Automated external defibrillators: to what extent does the algorithm delay CPR? Ann Emerg Med 46:132–141 256. Alem AP van, Sanou BT, Koster RW (2003) Interruption of cardiopulmonary resuscitation with the use of the automated external defibrillator in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 42:449–457 257. Pytte M, Kramer-Johansen J, Eilevstjonn Jet al (2006) Haemodynamic effects of adrenaline (epinephrine) depend on chest compression quality during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Resuscitation 71:369–378 258. Prengel AW, Lindner KH, Ensinger H, Grunert A (1992) Plasma catecholamine concentrations after successful resuscitation in patients. Crit Care Med 20:609–614 259. Bhende MS, Thompson AE (1995) Evaluation of an end-tidal CO2 detector during pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Pediatrics 95:395–399 260. Sehra R, Underwood K, Checchia P (2003) End tidal CO2 is a quantitative measure of cardiac arrest. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 26:515–517 261. Eftestol T, Wik L, Sunde K, Steen PA (2004) Effects of cardiopulmonary resuscitation on predictors of ventricular fibrillation defibrillation success during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 110:10–15 262. Eftestol T, Sunde K, Aase SO et al (2000) Predicting outcome of defibrillation by spectral characterization and nonparametric classification of ventricular fibrillation in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circulation 102:1523–1529 263. Amir O, Schliamser JE, Nemer S, Arie M (2007) Ineffectiveness of precordial thump for cardioversion of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol 30:153–156 264. Haman L, Parizek P, Vojacek J(2009) Precordial thump efficacy in termination of induced ventricular arrhythmias. Resuscitation 80:14–16 265. Pellis T, Kette F, Lovisa D et al (2009) Utility of pre-cordial thump for treatment of out of hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective study. Resuscitation 80:17–23 266. Kohl P, King AM, Boulin C (2005) Antiarrhythmic effects of acute mechanical stiumulation. In: Kohl P, Sachs F, Franz MR (Hrsg) Cardiac mechano-electric feedback and arrhythmias: from pipette to patient. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, S 304–314 267. Caldwell G, Millar G, Quinn E et al (1985) Simple mechanical methods for cardioversion: defence of the precordial thump and cough version. Br Med J(Clin Res Ed) 291:627–630 268. Krijne R (1984) Rate acceleration of ventricular tachycardia after a precordial chest thump. Am JCardiol 53:964–965 269. Emerman CL, Pinchak AC, Hancock D, Hagen JF (1988) Effect of injection site on circulation times during cardiac arrest. Crit Care Med 16:1138–1141 270. Glaeser PW, Hellmich TR, Szewczuga D et al (1993) Five-year experience in prehospital intraosseous infusions in children and adults. Ann Emerg Med 22:1119–1124 271. Wenzel V, Lindner KH, Augenstein S et al (1999) Intraosseous vasopressin improves coronary perfusion pressure rapidly during cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pigs. Crit Care Med 27:1565–1569 272. Shavit I, Hoffmann Y, Galbraith R, Waisman Y (2009) Comparison of two mechanical intraosseous infusion devices: a pilot, randomized crossover trial. Resuscitation 80:1029–1033 273. Schuttler J, Bartsch A, Ebeling BJet al (1987) Endobronchial administration of adrenaline in preclinical cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Anasthesiol Intensivmed Notfallmed Schmerzther 22:63–68 274. Hornchen U, Schuttler J, Stoeckel H et al (1987) Endobronchial instillation of epinephrine during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 15:1037–1039 275. Vaknin Z, Manisterski Y, Ben-Abraham R et al (2001) Is endotracheal adrenaline deleterious because of the beta adrenergic effect? Anesth Analg 92:1408–1412 276. Manisterski Y, Vaknin Z, Ben-Abraham R et al (2002) Endotracheal epinephrine: a call for larger doses. Anesth Analg 95:1037–1041, table of contents 277. Efrati O, Ben-Abraham R, Barak A et al (2003) Endobronchial adrenaline: should it be reconsidered? Dose response and haemodynamic effect in dogs. Resuscitation 59:117–122 278. Elizur A, Ben-Abraham R, Manisterski Y et al (2003) Tracheal epinephrine or norepinephrine preceded by beta blockade in a dog model. Can beta blockade bestow any benefits? Resuscitation 59:271–276 279. Prengel AW, Rembecki M, Wenzel V, Steinbach G (2001) A comparison of the endotracheal tube and the laryngeal mask airway as a route for endobronchial lidocaine administration. Anesth Analg 92:1505–1509 280. Berg RA, Hilwig RW, Kern KB, Ewy GA (2002) Precountershock cardiopulmonary resuscitation improves ventricular fibrillation median frequency and myocardial readiness for successful defibrillation from prolonged ventricular fibrillation: a randomized, controlled swine study. Ann Emerg Med 40:563–570 281. Achleitner U, Wenzel V, Strohmenger HU et al (2001) The beneficial effect of basic life support on ventricular fibrillation mean frequency and coronary perfusion pressure. Resuscitation 51:151–158 282. Fries M, Tang W, Chang YT et al (2006) Microvascular blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is predictive of outcome. Resuscitation 71:248–253 283. Ristagno G, Tang W, Huang L et al (2009) Epinephrine reduces cerebral perfusion during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Med 37:1408–1415 284. Tang W, Weil MH, Sun S et al (1993) Progressive myocardial dysfunction after cardiac resuscitation. Crit Care Med 21:1046–1050 285. Angelos MG, Butke RL, Panchal AR et al (2008) Cardiovascular response to epinephrine varies with increasing duration of cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 77:101–110 286. Kudenchuk PJ, Cobb LA, Copass MK et al (1999) Amiodarone for resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest due to ventricular fibrillation. N Engl JMed 341:871–878 287. Dorian P, Cass D, Schwartz B et al (2002) Amiodarone as compared with lidocaine for shock-resistant ventricular fibrillation. N Engl JMed 346:884–890 288. Thel MC, Armstrong AL, McNulty SE et al (1997) Randomised trial of magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Duke Internal Medicine Housestaff. Lancet 350:1272–1276 289. Allegra J, Lavery R, Cody R et al (2001) Magnesium sulfate in the treatment of refractory ventricular fibrillation in the prehospital setting. Resuscitation 49:245–249 290. Fatovich D, Prentice D, Dobb G (1998) Magnesium in in-hospital cardiac arrest. Lancet 351:446 291. Hassan TB, Jagger C, Barnett DB (2002) A randomised trial to investigate the efficacy of magnesium sulphate for refractory ventricular fibrillation. Emerg Med J19:57–62 292. Miller B, Craddock L, Hoffenberg S et al (1995) Pilot study of intravenous magnesium sulfate in refractory cardiac arrest: safety data and recommendations for future studies. Resuscitation 30:3–14 293. Weil MH, Rackow EC, Trevino R et al (1986) Difference in acid-base state between venous and arterial blood during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl JMed 315:153–156 294. Wagner H, Terkelsen CJ, Friberg H et al (2010) Cardiac arrest in the catheterisation laboratory: a 5-year experience of using mechanical chest compressions to facilitate PCI during prolonged resuscitation efforts. Resuscitation 81:383–387 295. Soar J, Perkins GD, Abbas G et al (2010) European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2010. Section 8. Cardiac arrest in special circumstances: electrolyte abnormalities, poisoning, drowning, accidental hypothermia, hyperthermia, asthma, anaphylaxis, cardiac surgery, trauma, pregnancy, electrocution. Resuscitation 81 (in press) 296. Price S, Uddin S, Quinn T (2010) Echocardiography in cardiac arrest. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:211–215 297. Memtsoudis SG, Rosenberger P, Loffler M et al (2006) The usefulness of transesophageal echocardiography during intraoperative cardiac arrest in noncardiac surgery. Anesth Analg 102:1653–1657 298. Comess KA, De Rook FA, Russell ML et al (2000) The incidence of pulmonary embolism in unexplained sudden cardiac arrest with pulseless electrical activity. Am JMed 109:351–356 299. Niendorff DF, Rassias AJ, Palac R et al (2005) Rapid cardiac ultrasound of inpatients suffering PEA arrest performed by nonexpert sonographers. Resuscitation 67:81–87 300. Tayal VS, Kline JA (2003) Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states. Resuscitation 59:315–318 301. Wouw PA van der, Koster RW, Delemarre BJet al (1997) Diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. JAm Coll Cardiol 30:780–783 302. Hernandez C, Shuler K, Hannan H et al (2008) C.A.U.S.E.: Cardiac arrest ultra-sound exam – a better approach to managing patients in primary non-arrhythmogenic cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:198–206 303. Steiger HV, Rimbach K, Muller E, Breitkreutz R (2009) Focused emergency echocardiography: lifesaving tool for a 14-year-old girl suffering out-of-hospital pulseless electrical activity arrest because of cardiac tamponade. Eur JEmerg Med 16:103–105 304. Breitkreutz R, Walcher F, Seeger FH (2007) Focused echocardiographic evaluation in resuscitation management: concept of an advanced life support-conformed algorithm. Crit Care Med 35:S150–S161 305. Blaivas M, Fox JC (2001) Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 8:616–621 306. Salen P, O’Connor R, Sierzenski P et al (2001) Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 8:610–615 307. Salen P, Melniker L, Chooljian C et al (2005) Does the presence or absence of sonographically identified cardiac activity predict resuscitation outcomes of cardiac arrest patients? Am JEmerg Med 23:459–462 308. Bottiger BW, Bode C, Kern S et al (2001) Efficacy and safety of thrombolytic therapy after initially unsuccessful cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective clinical trial. Lancet 357:1583–1585 309. Boidin MP (1985) Airway patency in the unconscious patient. Br JAnaesth 57:306–310 310. Nandi PR, Charlesworth CH, Taylor SJet al (1991) Effect of general anaesthesia on the pharynx. Br JAnaesth 66:157–162 311. Guildner CW (1976) Resuscitation: opening the airway. A comparative study of techniques for opening an airway obstructed by the tongue. JACEP 5:588–590 312. Safar P, Escarraga LA, Chang F (1959) Upper airway obstruction in the unconscious patient. JAppl Physiol 14:760–764 313. Greene DG, Elam JO, Dobkin AB, Studley CL (1961) Cinefluorographic study of hyperextension of the neck and upper airway patency. JAMA 176:570–573 314. Morikawa S, Safar P, Decarlo J(1961) Influence of the headjaw position upon upper airway patency. Anesthesiology 22:265–270 315. Ruben HM, Elam JO, Ruben AM, Greene DG (1961) Investigation of upper airway problems in resuscitation, 1: studies of pharyngeal x-rays and performance by laymen. Anesthesiology 22:271–279 316. Elam JO, Greene DG, Schneider MA et al (1960) Head-tilt method of oral resuscitation. JAMA 172:812–815 317. Aprahamian C, Thompson BM, Finger WA, Darin JC (1984) Experimental cervical spine injury model: evaluation of airway management and splinting techniques. Ann Emerg Med 13:584–587 318. Donaldson WF 3rd, Heil BV, Donaldson VP, Silvaggio VJ(1997) The effect of airway maneuvers on the unstable C1-C2 segment. A cadaver study. Spine 22:1215–1218 319. Donaldson WF 3rd, Towers JD, Doctor A et al (1993) A methodology to evaluate motion of the unstable spine during intubation techniques. Spine 18:2020–2023 320. Hauswald M, Sklar DP, Tandberg D, Garcia JF (1991) Cervical spine movement during airway management: cinefluoroscopic appraisal in human cadavers. Am JEmerg Med 9:535–538 321. Brimacombe J, Keller C, Kunzel KH et al (2000) Cervical spine motion during airway management: a cinefluoroscopic study of the posteriorly destabilized third cervical vertebrae in human cadavers. Anesth Analg 91:1274–1278 322. Majernick TG, Bieniek R, Houston JB, Hughes HG (1986) Cervical spine movement during orotracheal intubation. Ann Emerg Med 15:417–420 323. Lennarson PJ, Smith DW, Sawin PD et al (2001) Cervical spinal motion during intubation: efficacy of stabilization maneuvers in the setting of complete segmental instability. JNeurosurg Spine 94:265–270 324. Marsh AM, Nunn JF, Taylor SJ, Charlesworth CH (1991) Airway obstruction associated with the use of the Guedel airway. Br JAnaesth 67:517–523 325. Schade K, Borzotta A, Michaels A (2000) Intracranial malposition of nasopharyngeal airway. JTrauma 49:967–968 326. Muzzi DA, Losasso TJ, Cucchiara RF (1991) Complication from a nasopharyngeal airway in a patient with a basilar skull fracture. Anesthesiology 74:366–368 327. Roberts K, Porter K (2003) How do you size a nasopharyngeal airway. Resuscitation 56:19–23 328. Stoneham MD (1993) The nasopharyngeal airway. Assessment of position by fibreoptic laryngoscopy. Anaesthesia 48:575–580 329. Balan IS, Fiskum G, Hazelton Jet al (2006) Oximetry-guided reoxygenation improves neurological outcome after experimental cardiac arrest. Stroke 37:3008–3013 330. Kilgannon JH, Jones AE, Shapiro NI et al (2010) Association between arterial hyperoxia following resuscitation from cardiac arrest and in-hospital mortality. JAMA 303:2165–2171 331. Alexander R, Hodgson P, Lomax D, Bullen C (1993) A comparison of the laryngeal mask airway and Guedel airway, bag and face mask for manual ventilation following formal training. Anaesthesia 48:231–234 332. Doerges V, Sauer C, Ocker H et al (1999) Smaller tidal volumes during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: comparison of adult and paediatric self-inflatable bags with three different ventilatory devices. Resuscitation 43:31–37 333. Ocker H, Wenzel V, Schmucker P, Dorges V (2001) Effectiveness of various airway management techniques in a bench model simulating a cardiac arrest patient. JEmerg Med 20:7–12 334. Stone BJ, Chantler PJ, Baskett PJ(1998) The incidence of regurgitation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a comparison between the bag valve mask and laryngeal mask airway. Resuscitation 38:3–36 335. Petito SP, Russell WJ(1988) The prevention of gastric inflation – a neglected benefit of cricoid pressure. Anaesth Intensive Care 16:139–143 336. Lawes EG, Campbell I, Mercer D (1987) Inflation pressure, gastric insufflation and rapid sequence induction. Br JAnaesth 59:315–318 337. Hartsilver EL, Vanner RG (2000) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure. Anaesthesia 55:208–211 338. Allman KG (1995) The effect of cricoid pressure application on airway patency. JClin Anesth 7:197–199 339. Hocking G, Roberts FL, Thew ME (2001) Airway obstruction with cricoid pressure and lateral tilt. Anaesthesia 56:825–828 340. MacG Palmer JH, Ball DR (2000) The effect of cricoid pressure on the cricoid cartilage and vocal cords: an endoscopic study in anaesthetised patients. Anaesthesia 55:263–268 341. Aufderheide TP, Sigurdsson G, Pirrallo RG et al (2004) Hyperventilation-induced hypotension during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Circulation 109:1960–1965 342. O’Neill JF, Deakin CD (2007) Do we hyperventilate cardiac arrest patients? Resuscitation 73:82–85 343. Olasveengen TM, Vik E, Kuzovlev A, Sunde K (2009) Effect of implementation of new resuscitation guidelines on quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and survival. Resuscitation 80:407–411 344. Olasveengen TM, Wik L, Steen PA (2008) Quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation before and during transport in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Resuscitation 76:185–190 345. Weiss SJ, Ernst AA, Jones R et al (2005) Automatic transport ventilator versus bag valve in the EMS setting: a prospective, randomized trial. South Med J98:970–976 346. Stallinger A, Wenzel V, Wagner-Berger H et al (2002) Effects of decreasing inspiratory flow rate during simulated basic life support ventilation of a cardiac arrest patient on lung and stomach tidal volumes. Resuscitation 54:167–173 347. Noordergraaf GJ, Dun PJvan, Kramer BP et al (2004) Can first responders achieve and maintain normocapnia when sequentially ventilating with a bag-valve device and two oxygen-driven resuscitators? A controlled clinical trial in 104 patients. Eur JAnaesthesiol 21:367–372 348. Deakin CD, O’Neill JF, Tabor T (2007) Does compression-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation generate adequate passive ventilation during cardiac arrest? Resuscitation 75:53–59 349. Saissy JM, Boussignac G, Cheptel E et al (2000) Efficacy of continuous insufflation of oxygen combined with active cardiac compression-decompression during out-of-hospital cardiorespiratory arrest. Anesthesiology 92:1523–1530 350. Bertrand C, Hemery F, Carli P et al (2006) Constant flow insufflation of oxygen as the sole mode of ventilation during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Intensive Care Med 32:843–851 351. Bobrow BJ, Ewy GA, Clark L et al (2009) Passive oxygen insufflation is superior to bag-valve-mask ventilation for witnessed ventricular fibrillation out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Ann Emerg Med 54:656–662 e1 352. Jones JH, Murphy MP, Dickson RL et al (2004) Emergency physician-verified out-of-hospital intubation: miss rates by paramedics. Acad Emerg Med 11:707–709 353. Pelucio M, Halligan L, Dhindsa H (1997) Out-of-hospital experience with the syringe esophageal detector device. Acad Emerg Med 4:563–568 354. Jemmett ME, Kendal KM, Fourre MW, Burton JH (2003) Unrecognized misplacement of endotracheal tubes in a mixed urban to rural emergency medical services setting. Acad Emerg Med 10:961–965
![]() |